低温对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育及繁殖的影响

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生蜂。为了探明副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对低温的适应性,本文在15℃-24℃范围内对该蜂的产卵、发育、出蜂量及性比进行观察。结果表明:副珠蜡蚧阔本跳小蜂在15℃-24℃范围内,随温度的升高,产卵量逐渐增加;该蜂在21℃、24℃时蜂能完成世代发育,在15℃、18℃时少量跳小蜂能发育到蛹,但均不能羽化为成蜂;温度对性比的影响明显,24℃的雌性比例高于21℃。综上所述,副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对18℃以下的低温适应性较差,室内繁殖或野外放蜂时注意选择较高的温度条件。     

Brood size, sex ratio and egg load of Metaphycus lounsburyi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) when parasitizing adult females of black scale Saissetia oleae (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the field

Black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is a widespread olive pest in California and Europe. Metaphycus lounsburyi (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is often one of its main parasitoids. Augmentative releases of M. lounsburyi have been proposed in those areas in which biological control is ineffective. In this paper, we study the relationship between black scale and M. lounsburyi in the field. According to our data, M. lounsburyi parasitizes mainly ovipositing females of black scale. Parasitism rates of ovipositing females reach high levels. In those scales, M. lounsburyi develops as a gregarious parasitoid, with an average of 13 and a maximum of 40 parasitoids developing per scale. The secondary sex ratio is female biased (proportion of males = 0.13) and appears to be brood size dependent. Metaphycus lounsburyi eggs are encyrtiform; however, its egg load is much higher than other Metaphycus that also parasitize black scale. The implications of these results on the behavioral ecology of M. lounsburyi and its use in biological control of black scale are discussed.     

Host influences on sex ratio, longevity, and egg load of two Metaphycus species parasitic on soft scales: implications for insectary rearing

Metaphycus flavus (Howard) and M. stanleyi Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are currently being screened for use as augmentative biological control agents of citrus-infesting soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Two factors were investigated, host quality-dependent sex allocation and local mate competition, which likely influence these parasitoid's sex allocation strategies and are therefore of interest for their mass-rearing. The results of these studies suggested that, under the mass-rearing protocol that is envisioned for these parasitoids, offspring sex ratios in both M. flavus and M. stanleyi are dominated by host quality (= size) influences, but not by interactions with other females. These results indicated that host size strongly influences offspring sex ratios and brood sizes; larger hosts led to more female offspring and larger broods. In contrast, increasing the number of parental females did not lead to fewer female offspring as expected under local mate competition. Additionally, within-brood sex ratios did not vary with brood size; this result is inconsistent with expected sex ratios due to local mate competition. Other results also indicated that host quality was a dominant influence on M. flavus' and M. stanleyi's sex ratios. Larger hosts led to a larger size in the emerging wasps, and larger wasps had greater egg loads and lived longer than smaller wasps. However, wasp longevity, and the influence of wasp size on longevity were mediated by a wasp's diet. Metaphycus flavus females lived the longest when they had access to hosts, honey, and water, followed by honey and water, and shortest when they had access to water alone; M. stanleyi females lived longest with honey and water, followed by hosts, honey, and water, and shortest with water alone. Greater wasp size led to greater longevity in females only when they had access to food (honey, or hosts and honey). Finally, other results suggested that both M. flavus and M. stanleyi are facultatively gregarious. Wasp size did not decrease with brood size as expected under superparasitism. Overall, the results of these studies suggested that holding newly emerged females of both M. flavus and M. stanleyi for several days in the presence of an appropriate food source before field release could enhance a female's performance as an augmentative biological control agent. It increases their initial life expectancy following release, and maximizes the females' egg load (both Metaphycus species) and resources for replacing oviposited eggs (M. flavus only).     

中国阔柄跳小蜂属一新种（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）

记述了阔柄跳小蜂属1新种：廖氏阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus liaoi sp．nov．,并给出了其形态特征图。廖氏阔柄跳小蜂与Mstagnarum很相似,但廖氏阔柄跳小蜂雌虫柄节最宽处在基半部,生殖器明显长于中足胫节,雄虫第1索节短于梗节,柄节长约为宽的3倍;而M.stagnarum雌虫柄节最宽处在端半部,生殖器短于中足胫节,雄虫第1索节明显长于梗节,柄节长约为宽的4倍。研究标本,包括正模,均保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。 正模：♀,北京市海淀区,2007-V-20～23,育自Eriococcus abeliceae,武三安采;副模：12♀♀,8♂♂,同正模。 词源：种名是为纪念已故廖定熹教授,他对中国跳小蜂分类研究做出了重大贡献。     

Encapsulation of eggs of the encyrtid wasp, Metaphycus swirskii, by the hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae: Effects of host age and rearing temperature

The combined effects of host age and rearing temperature upon the encapsulation of eggs of Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by the hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (Homoptera: Coccidae), were determined. Encapsulation incidence at 16, 20, 24 and 28°C increased with the age of the host, being 5.5–19.6% in 3rd instar nymphs, 45.4–74.2% in young female scales and 88.8–100% in preovipositing female scales. Within each host physiological age range, encapsulation frequency was not materially influenced by most of the temperatures. At 32°C, regardless of host age, S. coffeae encapsulated 99.5 to 100% of parasitoid eggs. Complete immunity to successful parasitism by M. swirskii occurred at 20, 24, 28 and 32°C in preovipositing female scales and at 32°C in 3rd-instar nymphs and young female scales of S. coffeae.

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Résumé Cette étude a déterminé les effets combinés de l'âge de l'hôte et de la température sur l'encapsulation des oeufs de M. swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt (Hym. Encyrtidae) par S. coffeae Walker (Homopt. Coccidae). La fréquence d'encapsulation à 16, 20, 24 et 28°C a augmenté avec l'âge de l'hôte, 5,5–19,6% dans les larves de 3ème stade, 45,4–74,2% chez les jeunes femelles et 88,8–100% chez les femelles avant la ponte. Dans chaque gamme d'âge physiologique de l'hôte, la fréquence d'encapsulation n'est pas influencée par la plupart des températures. A 32°C, quel que soit l'âge de l'hôte, S. coffeae a encapsulé 99,5–100% des oeufs du parasitoïde. Une immunité complète au parasitisme par M. swirskii a été obtenue à 20, 24, 28 et 32°C pour les femelles de cochenilles dans la période précédant la ponte, et à 32°C pour les larves de 3ème stade et les jeunes femelles de S. coffeae.

     

Larval cannibalism during the late developmental stages of a facultatively gregarious encyrtid endoparasitoid

• 1 The larvae of many gregarious parasitoid species are usually non‐aggressive when they develop in or on a host, but those of Metaphycus flavus are one of the few exceptions known. Herein we describe their aggressive behaviour and the conditions under which it occurs, using observations in which larval development and physical conflict within parasitised and superparasitised hosts were mapped daily.
• 2 Metaphycus flavus larvae often engaged in physical conflict that resulted in consumption of the losing larvae (= cannibalism ) in superparasitised hosts, whereas such conflict and consumption occurred rarely when a single brood developed in a host.
• 3 Cannibalism among M. flavus larvae only occurred after the host resources had become scarce. Typically it occurred after the sixth day of development (fourth‐instar larvae) when the larvae in a clutch had separated from their aeroscopic plate and were freed of their attachment to the host's cuticle.
• 4 Female larvae in the initial clutch appeared more aggressive than male larvae when a second clutch was allocated 4 h after the first clutch. The probability of a larva being attacked and consumed by a brood mate increased as the number of larvae increased in the host. This partial tolerance might allow the members of the initial brood to defend themselves from offspring of a superparasitising female (= competitors ). Such post‐ovipositional regulation of brood size might be interpreted as high‐density intolerance among female offspring.

     

葡萄绵蜡蚧的重要寄生蜂——多孔阔柄跳小蜂(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

记述了西藏昌都地区葡萄绵蜡蚧Pulvinaria vitis （Linnaeus）的重要寄生蜂多孔阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus annasor Guerrieri ＆ Noyes,该种为中国新记录种。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

温度对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

通过观察副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang在18,21,24,27,30,33和36℃恒温条件下的生长发育情况,求得其世代发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.10℃和215.00日.度,建立世代发育历期预测式为N=[215.00±44.32]/[T-(13.10±3.24)],世代发育速率与温度之间的关系拟合为S形曲线V=-e(1.33+37.73/T),推算出该蜂在海南1年可发生18代。所设试验温度范围内,该蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)的寄生率在13.33%～20.00%范围内波动,30℃时寄生率最高;雌性比率在27℃时最大为70.03%。随着试验温度的升高,成蜂羽化相对集中,羽化持续时间逐渐缩短,羽化高峰提前。30℃条件下雌蜂终生产卵量最多,平均25.77粒。雌蜂寿命随试验温度的升高而逐渐缩短,同一恒温条件下补充20%蜂蜜水可显著延长雌蜂寿命。27～30℃可视为有利于副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育繁殖的适温范围,最适温度为30℃。     

Further studies of the encapsulation of eggs ofMetaphycus spp. (Hym.: Encyrtidae) by the pyriform scale,Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Hom.: Coccidae)

The encapsulation of eggs ofMetaphycus swirskii Annecke &; Mynhardt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by the pyriform scale,Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Coccidae), collected in the coastal plain of Israel, was determined during April 1986 to May 1987. The rates of encapsulation were low in November (13.0%) and relatively high in April, May, August and September (32.0–89.0%). The seasonal variations in the encapsulation of eggs ofM. stanleyi Compere and/orM. swirskii byP. pyriformis infesting avocado (Persea americana) and jambolan (Syzygium cumini) were studied at Miqwe Yisra'el (coastal plain) during October 1986 to February 1988. Encapsulation rates were similar in scales infesting either of the two host plants. They were highest during July to August (49.0–75.0%) and lowest during December to February (0.9–10.0%). Encapsulation incidence at Miqwe Yisra'el was correlated with the ambient temperatures (r=0.89). The rate of encapsulation of parasitoid eggs (M. stanleyi and/orM. galbus Annecke) recorded inP. pyriformis sent to Israel from Spain in September 1987 was 42.2%. The high rates of encapsulation ofMetaphycus spp. eggs byP. pyriformis during the summer, may interfere with efficient biological control of the pest.